Snow Leopard Multibeast S
(, 1775)SubspeciesDistribution of snow leopard, 2017Uncia uncia, 1930The snow leopard ( Panthera uncia), also known as the ounce, is a large native to the mountain ranges of. It is listed as on the because the global population is estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. It is threatened by and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments.It inhabits and at elevations from 3,000 to 4,500 m (9,800 to 14,800 ft), ranging from eastern Afghanistan to and western China. In the northern range countries, it also occurs at lower elevations., the snow leopard was long classified in the Uncia. Since studies revealed the relationships among species, it is considered a member of this. Two subspecies were described based on differences, but genetic differences between the two have not been confirmed.
It is therefore regarded a. Snow leopard in the collection of theFelis uncia was the used by in 1777 who a snow leopard based on an earlier description by, assuming that the cat occurred in, and China. Uncia was proposed by in 1854 who grouped Asian cats with a long and thick tail into this.Felis irbis was proposed by in 1830 who described a skin of a female snow leopard collected in the in Siberia. He also clarified that several leopard skins were previously misidentified as snow leopard skins. Felis uncioides was proposed by in 1855 for a snow leopard skin presented to the Museum of the.Uncia uncia was used by in 1930 when he reviewed skins and skulls of Panthera from Asia. He also described morphological differences between ( P. Pardus) and snow leopard skins.
Panthera baikalensis-romanii was proposed by a Russian scientist in 2000 for a dark brown snow leopard skin from the, southern region.It has been subordinated to the genus Panthera based on results of studies.Until spring 2017, there was no evidence available for the recognition of. Results of a study published in September 2017 indicate that three subspecies should be recognised: P. Uncia in the range countries, P. Uncioides in the Himalayas and Qinghai, and P.
Irbis in Mongolia. Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is based on two studies published in 2006 and 2009, the lower one is based on studies published in 2010 and 2011.Based on phylogenetic analysis of sampled across the living, the snow leopard forms a with the. Time of this group is estimated at 4.62 to 1.82 million years. The snow leopard and the tiger probably diverged between 3.7 and 2.7 million years ago.
Panthera originates most likely in northern Central Asia. In western Tibet's is the oldest known Panthera species and exhibits skull characteristics similar to the snow leopard.A 2016 study revealed that the of snow leopards and are more similar to each other than their, indicating that they at some point in their. The thickly furred tail of a snow leopard, photographed at,The snow leopard's fur is whitish to gray with black spots on head and neck, but larger rosettes on the back, flanks and bushy tail.
The belly is whitish. Its eyes are pale green or grey in color. Its muzzle is short and its forehead domed.
Its are large. The fur is thick with hairs between 5 and 12 cm (2.0 and 4.7 in) long.
Its body is stocky, short-legged and slightly smaller than the other cats of the genus Panthera, reaching a shoulder height of 56 cm (22 in), and ranging in head to body size from 75 to 150 cm (30 to 59 in). Its tail is 80 to 105 cm (31 to 41 in) long.It weighs between 22 and 55 kg (49 and 121 lb), with an occasional large male reaching 75 kg (165 lb) and small female of under 25 kg (55 lb).Its are 28.6 mm (1.13 in) long and are more slender than those of the other Panthera species.In relation to the length of its and width of its, it has large nasal openings, which allow for increasing the volume of air inhaled with each breath, and at the same time for warming and humidifying cold dry air.The snow leopard shows several adaptations for living in a cold, mountainous environment.
Its small rounded ears help to minimize heat loss. Its broad paws well distribute the body weight for walking on snow, and have fur on their undersides to increase the grip on steep and unstable surfaces; it also helps to minimize heat loss. Its long and flexible tail helps to maintain balance in the rocky terrain. The tail is also very thick due to fat storage, and is very thickly covered with fur, which allows the cat to use it like a blanket to protect its face when asleep.
Distribution and habitat. Snow leopard in, IndiaThe snow leopard is distributed from the west of through southern, in the, in the Russian, and, in the, across, and to the in eastern, in northern, in the, and in the high altitudes of the in, and, and the. In Mongolia, it is found in the Mongolian and Gobi and the.
In, it is found up to the in the north.Potential snow leopard habitat in the Himalayas is estimated at less than 90,000 km 2 (35,000 sq mi) in the states of, and, of which about 34,000 km 2 (13,000 sq mi) is considered good habitat, and 14.4% is protected. In the beginning of the 1990s, the Indian snow leopard population was estimated at roughly 200–600 individuals living across about 25.In summer, snow leopards usually live above the on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from 2,700 to 6,000 m (8,900 to 19,700 ft). In winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around 1,200 to 2,000 m (3,900 to 6,600 ft). Walking in theThe snow leopard's vocalizations include meowing, grunting, and moaning. It can purr when exhaling. It cannot, despite possessing partial of the. This partial ossification was previously thought to be essential for allowing the Panthera cats to roar, but new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other features, especially of the, which are absent in the snow leopard.Snow leopards are, but share a common space.
They are active mostly at dawn until early morning and again in afternoons and early evenings. They mostly rest near cliffs and ridges that provide vantage points and shade. In Nepal's Shey-Phoksundo National Park, the home ranges of five adult snow leopards overlapped to a large extent, though they rarely met.
Their individual home ranges ranged in size from 12 to 39 km 2 (4.6 to 15.1 sq mi). Males moved between 0.5 and 5.45 km (0.31 and 3.39 mi) per day, and females between 0.2 and 2.25 km (0.12 and 1.40 mi), measured in straight lines between survey points, but they often zigzagged in the precipitous terrain.
However, they also covered up to 7 km (4.3 mi) in a single night.In Nepal's, up to 10 individuals inhabit an area of 100 km 2 (40 sq mi); in habitats with sparse prey, though, an area of 1,000 km 2 (400 sq mi) supports only five individuals. A study in the lasting from 2008 to 2014 revealed that adult male snow leopards used a mean home range of 144–270 km 2 (56–104 sq mi), while adult females ranged in areas of 83–165 km 2 (32–64 sq mi). Their home ranges overlapped less than 20%. These results indicate that about 40% of the 170 protected areas in snow leopard range countries are smaller than the home range of a single male snow leopard.Like other cats, snow leopards use to indicate their territories and common travel routes. These are most commonly produced by scraping the ground with the hind feet before depositing or, but they also onto sheltered patches of rock.Females with her cubs usually stay together, and they rear them in dens in the mountains for extended periods. Hunting and diet.
Snow leopard showing its canine teethThe snow leopard is a and actively its prey. It is an opportunistic hunter and also eats. Its preferred wild prey species are ( Pseudois nayaur), ( Hemitragus jemlahicus), ( Ovis ammon), ( Capra falconeri) and ( C.
It also preys on domestic livestock. It prefers prey ranging in weight from 36 to 76 kg (79 to 168 lb), but also hunts smaller mammals such as, and species. The diet of the snow leopard varies across its range and with the time of year, and depends on availability. In the, it preys mostly on Himalayan blue sheep and ( Capra sibirica). In the, Altai and Mongolia's Tost Mountains, its main prey consists of Siberian ibex, ( Cervus albirostris), ( Capreolus pygargus) and argali.
Other species hunted when available include, and.Snow leopards prefer to prey from above, using broken terrain to conceal their approach. They will actively pursue prey down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase animals for up to 300 m (980 ft).
They kill with a bite to the neck, and may drag the prey to a safe location before feeding. They consume all edible parts of the carcass, and can survive on a single Himalayan blue sheep for two weeks before hunting again. Annual prey needs appears to be 20–30 adult blue sheep.The snow leopard is capable of killing most animals in its range, with the probable exception of the adult male. It also eats a significant amount of vegetation, including grass and twigs. Snow leopards have been recorded to hunt in pairs successfully, especially mating pairs.Where snow leopards prey on domestic, they are subject to conflict with humans. However, even in Mongolia, where wild prey has been reduced, and interactions with humans are common, domestic livestock, mainly, comprises less than 20% of snow leopard diet. Herders kill snow leopards to prevent them from taking their livestock.
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The loss of prey animals due to overgrazing by domestic livestock, poaching, and defense of livestock are the major drivers for the decreasing population of the snow leopard. The snow leopard has not been reported to attack humans, and appears to be the least aggressive to humans of all big cats. As a result, they are easily driven away from livestock; they readily abandon their kills when threatened, and may not even defend themselves when attacked.
Reproduction and life cycle. Shynghyz, the oldest known snow leopard (aged 26), at,Snow leopards become sexually mature at two to three years, and normally live for 15–18 years in the wild. In captivity they can live for up to 25 years. Typically lasts from five to eight days, and males tend not to seek out another partner after mating, probably because the short mating season does not allow sufficient time. Paired snow leopards mate in, from 12 to 36 times a day. They are unusual among large cats in that they have a well-defined birth peak.
They usually in late winter, marked by a noticeable increase in marking and calling. Females have a of 90–100 days, so the cubs are born between April and June.of the snow leopard is eight years.The mother gives birth in a rocky den or crevice lined with fur shed from her underside. Sizes vary from one to five, but the average is 2.2. The cubs are blind and helpless at birth, although already with a thick coat of fur, and weigh from 320 to 567 g (11.3 to 20.0 oz).
Their eyes open at around seven days, and the cubs can walk at five weeks and are fully weaned by 10 weeks. Also when they are born, they have full black spots which turn into rosettes as they grow to adolescence. The cubs leave the den when they are around two to four months of age, but remain with their mother until they become independent after around 18–22 months. Once independent, they disperse over considerable distances, even crossing wide expanses of flat terrain to seek out new hunting grounds.
This likely helps reduce the inbreeding that would otherwise be common in their relatively isolated environments. ThreatsThe major threat to snow leopard populations is and illegal trade of skins and body parts. In China, 103 to 236 animals are poached every year, in Mongolia between 34 and 53, in Pakistan between 23 and 53, in India from 21 to 45, and in Tajikistan 20 to 25. Poaching is linked to prey declines and livestock depredation.emissions will likely cause a shift of the in the Himalayas and a shrinking of the, which may reduce snow leopard habitat by 30%. ConservationNumerous agencies are working to conserve the snow leopard and its threatened mountain ecosystems. These include the, the, the Snow Leopard Network, the Cat Specialist Group, and the.These groups and various national governments from the snow leopard’s range, nonprofits, and donors from around the world worked together at the 10th International Snow Leopard Conference in Beijing. Their focus on research, community programs in snow leopard regions, and education programs are aimed at understanding the cat's needs, as well as the needs of the villagers and herder communities juxtaposed with the snow leopards' habitats.
Global Snow Leopard ForumIn 2013, government leaders and officials from all 12 countries encompassing the snow leopard's range (Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) came together at the Global Snow Leopard Forum (GSLF) initiated by the President Almazbek Atambayev of the Kyrgyz Republic, and the State Agency on Environmental Protection and Forestry under the government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The meeting was held in Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic, and all countries agreed that the snow leopard and the high mountain habitat it lives in need trans-boundary support to ensure a viable future for snow leopard populations, as well as to safeguard their fragile environment. The event brought together many partners, including like the, the, and the. Also supporting the initiative were the Snow Leopard Network, the 's, the, the, the,.
Snow leopard inIn 2008, there were approximately 600 snow leopards in zoos around the world.In the Metropolitan Zoo in Virginia, in the United States of America, snow leopard cubs were born in 2016.Much progress has been made in securing the survival of the snow leopard, with them being successfully bred in captivity. Females usually give birth to two to three cubs in a litter, but can give birth to up to seven in some cases. Relationships with humans Attacks on humansSnow leopard attacks on humans are rare; only two instances are known. On July 12, 1940, in Maloalmaatinsk gorge near, a rabid snow leopard attacked two men during the day and inflicted serious injuries on both. In the second case, not far from Almaty, an old, toothless, emaciated snow leopard unsuccessfully attacked a passerby in winter; it was captured and carried to a local village. There are no other records of any snow leopard attacking a human being.A 2008 episode, 'Snow Leopard – Beyond the Myth', interviewed a couple with a goat farm in Pakistan; the woman was bowled over by a snow leopard escaping an enclosure where it had been feeding on the livestock, but she was not attacked by the cat, despite fainting and being helpless.
The film crew went to some lengths to demonstrate that the cat was primarily hunting wild prey and was often ranging far outside the area, as they hoped to prevent local farmers from shooting it. Nevertheless, they also found evidence of other sightings of the cats around nearby human settlements, and of repeated attacks on livestock (some of them unsuccessful). OunceSnow leopards have symbolic meaning for of Central Asia, where the animal is known as irbis or bars, so it is widely used in and as an emblem.The snow leopard in heraldry is sometimes known in English as the ounce. The cat has long been used as a political symbol, the ('White Leopard'), by, and, among others. A snow leopard is found on the official seal of the city of, Kazakhstan, and the former 10,000 banknote also featured one on the.
A mythical winged Aq Bars is found in the national, the seal of the city of, and (also with a crown) the old coat of arms of the Kazakh capital,. In, it has been used in highly stylized form in the modern emblem of the capital, and the same art has been integrated into the badge of the. A crowned snow leopard features in the arms of,.The, given to Soviet mountaineers who scaled all five of the 's 7,000-meter peaks, is named after the animal, but does not depict one. The cat is the of, a north state in the western. The animal has also been declared the ' of.
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