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Amazon's e-reader displaying a page of an e-bookAn electronic book, also known as an e-book or eBook, is a publication made available in form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as 'an electronic version of a printed book', some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. E-books can be read on dedicated devices, but also on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including, and.In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to thewhere readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on using systems. With print books, readers are increasingly browsing through of the covers of books on publisher or bookstore websites and selecting and ordering titles online; the paper books are then delivered to the reader by mail or another delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through titles online, and then when they select and order titles, the e-book can be sent to them online or the user can download the e-book.

At the start of 2012 in the U.S., more e-books were published online than were distributed in hardcover.The main reasons for people buying e-books online are possibly lower prices, increased comfort (as they can buy from home or on the go with mobile devices) and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, 'electronic make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages.' 'Although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be electronically searched' for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied.

The amount of e-book reading is increasing in the U.S.; by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, compared to 30% owning such devices in 2013. Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006 Michael S.

Hart (1971) Despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report as the inventor of the e-book. In 1971, the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the gave Hart extensive computer-time. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the into a computer in plain text.

Hart planned to create documents using plain text to make them as easy as possible to download and view on devices.Early implementations After Hart first adapted the U.S. Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in 1971, was launched to create electronic copies of more texts, especially books.

Another early e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the, in the 1970s at: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading. In 1980, the began concept development for a portable electronic delivery device for technical maintenance information called project PEAM, the Portable Electronic Aid for Maintenance. Detailed specifications were completed in 1981/82, and prototype development began with that same year.

Four prototypes were produced and delivered for testing in 1986, and tests were completed in 1987. The final summary report was produced in 1989 by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, authored by Robert Wisher. A patent application for the PEAM device, titled 'Apparatus for delivering procedural type instructions', was submitted by Texas Instruments on December 4, 1985, listing John K. Harkins and Stephen H. Morriss as inventors.

The first portable electronic book, the US Department of Defense's 'Personal Electronic Aid to Maintenance'In 1992, launched the, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future. Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.

In the 1990s, the general availability of the made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books. In 1993, Paul Baim released a freeware stack, called Ebook, that allowed easy import of any text file to create a pageable version similar to an electronic paperback book.

A notable feature was automatic tracking of the last page read so that on returning to the 'book' you were taken back to where you had previously left off reading. The title of this stack may have been the first instance of the term 'ebook' used in the modern context. E-book formats. Reading an e-book on public transitAs e-book formats emerged and proliferatedsome garnered support from major software companies, such as with its format that was introduced in 1993. Unlike most other formats, PDF documents are generally tied to a particular dimension and layout, rather than adjusting dynamically to the current page, window, or another size.

Different e-reader devices followed different formats, most of them accepting books in only one or a few formats, thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to the exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books. Meanwhile, scholars formed the, which developed consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scholarly interest for a variety of analytic uses as well as reading, and countless literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach. In the late 1990s, a consortium formed to develop the format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Several scholars from the TEI were closely involved in the early development of Open eBook.

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Focused on portability, Open eBook as defined required subsets of and; a set of multimedia formats (others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats), and an schema for a 'manifest', to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on. This format led to the open format. Has converted many works to this open format.In 2010, e-books continued to gain in their own specialist and underground markets. Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the. At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public.

Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the 'Big Five'. The 'Big Five' publishers are:,. Libraries U.S. Libraries began to offer free e-books to the public in 1998 through their websites and associated services, although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.

The number of library e-book distributors and lending models continued to increase over the next few years. From 2005 to 2008, libraries experienced a 60% growth in e-book collections. In 2010, a Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study by the found that 66% of public libraries in the U.S. Were offering e-books, and a large movement in the library industry began to seriously examine the issues relating to e-book lending, acknowledging a ' when e-book technology would become widely established.

Content from public libraries can be downloaded to e-readers using like and.The has for many years provided, a comprehensive bibliography of medical literature. In early 2000, NLM set up the repository, which stores full-text e-book versions of many medical journal articles and books, through cooperation with scholars and publishers in the field.

Pubmed Central also now provides archiving and access to over 4.1 million articles, maintained in a standard format known as the (or 'JATS').Despite the widespread adoption of e-books, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of, citing issues with user demand, and challenges with proprietary devices and systems. In a survey of (ILL) librarians, it was found that 92% of libraries held e-books in their collections and that 27% of those libraries had negotiated ILL rights for some of their e-books.

This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books. (PDA) has been available for several years in public libraries, allowing vendors to streamline the acquisition process by offering to match a library's selection profile to the vendor's e-book titles. The library's catalog is then populated with records for all of the e-books that match the profile.

The decision to purchase the title is left to the patrons, although the library can set purchasing conditions such as a maximum price and purchasing caps so that the dedicated funds are spent according to the library's budget. The 2012 meeting of the included a panel on the PDA of books produced by university presses, based on a preliminary report by Joseph Esposito, a digital publishing consultant who has studied the implications of PDA with a grant from the. Challenges Although the demand for e-book services in libraries has grown in the first two decades of the 21st century, difficulties keep libraries from providing some e-books to clients. Publishers will sell e-books to libraries, but in most cases they will only give libraries a limited license to the title, meaning that the library does not own the electronic text but is allowed to circulate it for either a certain period of time, or a certain number of check outs, or both. When a library purchases an e-book license, the cost is at least three times what it would be for a personal consumer. E-book licenses are more expensive than paper-format editions because publishers are concerned that an e-book that is sold could theoretically be read and/or checked out by a huge number of users, potentially damaging sales. However, some studies have found the opposite effect to be true (for example, Hilton and Wikey 2010).

Archival storage The and offer more than six million fully accessible public domain e-books. Has over 52,000 freely available e-books.Dedicated hardware readers and mobile software. The BEBook e-readerAn, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a. In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life.

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In July 2010, online bookseller reported sales of e-books for its proprietary outnumbered sales of for the first time ever during the second of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no. By January 2011, e-book sales at Amazon had surpassed its paperback sales. In the overall US market, paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book; the American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010, up from 3% a year before. At the end of the first quarter of 2012, e-book sales in the United States surpassed hardcover book sales for the first time.Until late 2013, use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing by the. In November 2013, the FAA allowed use of e-readers on airplanes at all times if it is in Airplane Mode, which means all radios turned off, and Europe followed this guidance the next month. In 2014, The New York Times predicted that by 2018 e-books will make up over 50% of total consumer publishing revenue in the United States and Great Britain. Applications.

Reading applications on different devicesSome of the major book retailers and multiple third-party developers offer free (and in some third-party cases, premium paid) e-reader (apps) for the Mac and PC computers as well as for Android, Blackberry, iPad, iPhone, Windows Phone and Palm OS devices to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independently of dedicated e-book devices. Examples are apps for the, and.Timeline Before the 1980s c.

1949. patents the idea of the electronic book, called the Mechanical Encyclopedia, in. begins planning the Index Thomisticus.c.

1963. starts the (and later ) projects.c. 1965. starts the (and later ) projects, with assistance from, to develop and use electronic textbooks for and in.1971. types the into a computer to create the first e-book available on the Internet and launches in order to create electronic copies of more books.1978.

radio series launches (novel published in 1979), featuring an electronic reference book containing all knowledge in the Galaxy. This vast amount of data could be fit into something the size of a large paperback book, with updates received over the 'Sub-Etha'.c.

The DD-8 Data Discman. F. Crugnola and I. Bookeen's Cybook Gen1. NuvoMedia releases the first handheld e-reader, the. launches its SoftBook reader. A Kobo Aura's settings menu.

Five major US e-book publishers, as part of their settlement of a price-fixing suit, are ordered to refund about $3 for every electronic copy of a New York Times best-seller that they sold from April 2010 to May 2012. This could equal $160 million in settlement charges.

Barnes & Noble releases the, which has a 6-inch touchscreen using E Ink Pearl and Regal, with built-in front LED lights. July – US District Court Judge finds Apple guilty of conspiring to raise the retail price of e-books and schedules a trial in 2014 to determine damages. August – Kobo releases the, a baseline touchscreen six-inch e-reader. September – launches its unlimited access e-book subscription service. November – US District Judge Chin sides with Google in, citing fair use.

The authors said they would appeal. December – launches the first public unlimited access subscription service for e-books.2014. April – Kobo releases the, the world's first commercially produced e-reader. June – US District Court Judge Cote grants class action certification to plaintiffs in a lawsuit over Apple's alleged e-book price conspiracy; the plaintiffs are seeking $840 million in damages. Apple appeals the decision. June – Apple settles the e-book antitrust case that alleged Apple conspired to e-book price fixing out of court with the States; however if Judge Cote's ruling is overturned in appeal the settlement would be reversed. July – Amazon launches, an unlimited-access e-book and audiobook subscription service.2015.

June – The 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals with a 2:1 vote concurs with Judge Cote that Apple conspired to e-book price fixing and violated federal antitrust law. Apple appealed the decision.

June – Amazon releases the that is the first e-reader to feature, a font exclusively designed for e-readers. September – Oyster announces its unlimited access e-book subscription service would be shut down in early 2016 and that it would be acquired by Google. September – Malaysian e-book company, introduces for the first time geo-location distribution technology for e-books via bluetooth beacon. It was first demonstrated in a large scale at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. October – Amazon releases the that has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers as of 2014.

Main article:Writers and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing e-books. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-readers and their natively supported formats are shown below:ReaderNative e-book formatsand tabletsAZW, AZW3, KF8, non-DRM MOBI, PDF, PRC, TXTandEPUB, PDFEPUB, IBA (Multitouch books made via iBooks Author), PDFEPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, BBeBandEPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, HTML, CBR (comic), CBZ (comic)and PocketBook TouchEPUB DRM, EPUB, PDF DRM, PDF, FB2, FB2.ZIP, TXT, DJVU, HTM, HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, CHM, TCR, PRC (MOBI)Digital rights management. See also:Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the tied to their products.

Generally, they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent illegal copying of the e-book. However, in many cases, it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of access by the purchaser to the e-book. The e-books sold by most major publishers and electronic retailers, which are, and, are DRM-protected and tied to the publisher's software or hardware. The first major publisher to omit DRM was, one of the largest publishers of science fiction and fantasy, in 2012. Smaller e-book publishers such as, Carina Press and had already forgone DRM previously.

Production. See also:Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in, though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing books, generally by, sometimes with the use of, having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an program. Occasionally, as in some projects, an e-book may be produced by re-entering the text from a keyboard.

Sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is possible to release an e-book chapter by chapter as each chapter is written. This is useful in fields such as where topics can change quickly in the months that it takes to write a typical book. It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book. However, these are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced. Keeps a list of best-selling e-books, for both fiction and non-fiction. Reading data All of the e-readers and reading apps are capable of tracking e-book reading data, and the data could contain which e-books users open, how long the users spend reading each e-book and how much of each e-book is finished.

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In December 2014, released e-book reading data collected from over 21 million of its users worldwide. Some of the results were that only 44.4% of readers finished the bestselling e-book and the 2014 top selling e-book in the UK, 'One Cold Night', was finished by 69% of readers; this is evidence that while popular e-books are being completely read, some e-books are only sampled. Comparison to printed books Advantages. E-book reader equipped with an e-paper display visible in sunlightIn the space that a comparably sized physical book takes up, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many e-readers have a built-in light source, can enlarge or change fonts, use to read the text aloud for visually impaired, elderly or people or just for convenience. Additionally, e-readers allow readers to look up words or find more information about the topic immediately using an online dictionary.

Amazon reports that 85% of its e-book readers look up a word while reading.Printed books use three times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce when compared to e-books. While an e-reader costs more than most individual books, e-books may have a lower cost than paper books. E-books may be printed for less than the price of traditional books using. Moreover, numerous e-books are available online free of charge on sites such as. For example, all books printed before 1923 are in the in the United States, which enables websites to host ebook versions of such titles for free.Depending on possible, e-books (unlike physical books) can be backed up and recovered in the case of loss or damage to the device on which they are stored, a new copy can be downloaded without incurring an additional cost from the distributor, as well as being able to synchronize the reading location, highlights and bookmarks across several devices.

Disadvantages. The of the printed book is an important aspect in and of its beauty as an objectThere may be a lack of for the user's e-book reading activities; for example, Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted. One obstacle to wide adoption of the e-book is that a large portion of people value the printed book as an object itself, including aspects such as the texture, smell, weight and appearance on the shelf. Print books are also considered valuable cultural items, and symbols of and the. Found that 60% of e-books that are purchased from their e-book store are never opened and found that the more expensive the book is, the more likely the reader would at least open the e-book.has written about the pros and cons of e-books:Electronic books are ideal for people who value the information contained in them, or who have vision problems, or who like to read on the subway, or who do not want other people to see how they are amusing themselves, or who have storage and clutter issues, but they are useless for people who are engaged in an intense, lifelong love affair with books.

Books that we can touch; books that we can smell; books that we can depend on.Apart from all the emotional and habitual aspects, there are also some readability and usability issues that need to be addressed by publishers and software developers. Many e-book readers who complain about eyestrain, lack of overview and distractions could be helped if they could use a more suitable device or a more user-friendly reading application, but when they buy or borrow a DRM-protected e-book, they often have to read the book on the default device or application, even if it has insufficient functionality.While a paper book is vulnerable to various threats, including water damage, mold and theft, e-books files may be corrupted, deleted or otherwise lost as well as. Where the ownership of a paper book is fairly straightforward (albeit subject to restrictions on renting or copying pages, depending on the book), the purchaser of an e-book's digital file has conditional access with the possible loss of access to the e-book due to provisions, copyright issues, the provider's business failing or possibly if the user's credit card expired. Market share United States. 12.0%Spain In 2013, Carrenho estimates that e-books would have a 15% market share in Spain in 2015.

UK According to Book Research, e-book share went up from 20% to 33% between 2012 and 2014, but down to 29% in the first quarter of 2015. Amazon-published and self-published titles accounted for 17 million of those books (worth £58m) in 2014, representing 5% of the overall book market and 15% of the digital market.

The volume and value sales, although similar to 2013, had seen a 70% increase since 2012. Germany The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share to be 4.3%. Brazil The Brazilian e-book market is only emerging. Brazilians are technology savvy, and that attitude is shared by the government. In 2013, around 2.5% of all trade titles sold were in digital format.

This was a 400% growth over 2012 when only 0.5% of trade titles were digital. In 2014, the growth was slower, and Brazil had 3.5% of its trade titles being sold as e-books. China The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share to be around 1%. Public domain books.